History of the Sewing Machine

Hand sewing is an art form that is over 20,000 years old. The first sewing needles were made of bones or animal horns, and the first thread was made of animal sinew. Iron needles were invented in the 14th century. The first eyed needles appeared in the 15th century. Birth of Mechanical Sewing The first possible patent connected to mechanical sewing was a 1755 British patent issued to German, Charles Weisenthal. Weisenthal was issued a patent for a needle that was designed for a machine. However, the patent did not describe the rest of the machine. It is unknown whether a machine existed. Several Inventors Attempt to Improve Sewing The English inventor and cabinet maker, Thomas Saint was issued the first patent for a complete machine for sewing in 1790. It is not known if Saint built a working prototype of his invention. The patent describes an awl that punched a hole in leather and passed a needle through the hole. A later reproduction of Saints invention based on his patent drawings did not work. In 1810, German, Balthasar Krems invented the automatic machine for sewing caps. Krems did not patent his invention, and it never functioned well. Austrian tailor, Josef Madersperger made several attempts at inventing the machine for sewing and was issued a patent in 1814. All of his efforts were considered unsuccessful. In 1804, a French patent was granted to Thomas Stone and James Henderson for a machine that emulated hand sewing. That same year a patent was granted to Scott John Duncan for an embroidery machine with multiple needles. Both inventions failed and were soon forgotten by the public. In 1818, the first American sewing machine was invented by John Adams Doge and John Knowles. Their machine failed to sew any useful amount of fabric before malfunctioning. The First Functional Machine That Caused a Riot The first functional sewing machine was invented by the French tailor, Barthelemy Thimonnier, in 1830. Thimonniers machine used only one thread and a hooked needle that made the same chain stitch used with embroidery. The inventor was almost killed by an enraged group of French tailors who burnt down his garment factory because they feared unemployment as a result of his sewing machine invention. Walter Hunt andElias Howe In 1834, Walter Hunt built Americas first (somewhat) successful sewing machine. He later lost interest in patenting because he believed his invention would cause unemployment. (Hunts machine could only sew straight steams.) Hunt never patented and in 1846, the first American patent was issued to Elias Howe for a process that used thread from two different sources. Elias Howes machine had a needle with an eye at the point. The needle was pushed through the cloth and created a loop on the other side; a shuttle on a track then slipped the second thread through the loop, creating what is called the lockstitch. However, Elias Howe later encountered problems defending his patent and marketing his invention. For the next nine years, Elias Howe struggled, first to enlist interest in his machine, then to protect his patent from imitators. His lockstitch mechanism was adopted by others who were developing innovations of their own. Isaac Singer invented the up-and-down motion mechanism, and Allen Wilson developed a rotary hook shuttle. Isaac Singer vs. Elias Howe Sewing machines did not go into mass production until the 1850s when Isaac Singer built the first commercially successful machine. Singer built the first sewing machine where the needle moved up and down rather than the side-to-side, and a foot treadle powered the needle. Previous machines were all hand-cranked. However, Isaac Singers machine used the same lockstitch that Howe had patented. Elias Howe sued Isaac Singer for patent infringement and won in 1854. Walter Hunts sewing machine also used a lockstitch with two spools of thread and an eye-pointed needle; however, the courts upheld Howes patent since Hunt had abandoned his patent. If Hunt had patented his invention, Elias Howe would have lost his case, and Isaac Singer would have won. Since he lost, Isaac Singer had to pay Elias Howe patent royalties. Note: In 1844, Englishmen John Fisher received a patent for a lace-making machine that was identical enough to the machines made by Howe and Singer that if Fishers patent had not been lost in the patent office, John Fisher would also have been part of the patent battle. After successfully defending his right to a share in the profits of his invention, Elias Howe saw his annual income jump from three hundred to more than two hundred thousand dollars a year. Between 1854 and 1867, Howe earned close to two million dollars from his invention. During the Civil War, he donated a portion of his wealth to equip an infantry regiment for the Union Army and served in the regiment as a private. Isaac Singer vs. Elias Hunt The 1834 eye-pointed needle sewing machine of  Walter Hunt  was later re-invented by  Elias Howe  of Spencer, Massachusetts and patented by him in 1846. Each sewing machine (Walter Hunts and Elias Howes) had a curved eye-pointed needle that passed the thread through the fabric in an arc motion; and on the other side of the fabric a loop was created; and a second thread was carried by shuttle running back and forth on a track passed through the loop creating a lockstitch. Elias Howes design was copied by Isaac Singer and others, leading to extensive patent litigation. However, a court battle in the 1850s conclusively gave Elias Howe the patent rights to the eye-pointed needle. Elias Howe brought the court case against Isaac Merritt Singer, the largest manufacturer of sewing machines for patent infringement. In his defense, Isaac Singer attempted to invalidate Howes patent, to show that the invention was already some 20 years old and that Howe should not have been able to claim the royalties from anyone using his designs that Singer had been forced to pay. Since Walter Hunt had abandoned his sewing machine and had not filed for a patent, Elias Howes patent was upheld by a court decision in 1854. Isaac Singers machine was also somewhat different from Howes. Its needle moved up and down, rather than sideways, and it was powered by a treadle rather than a hand crank. However, it used the same lockstitch process and a similar needle. Elias Howe died in 1867, the year his patent expired. Other Historic Moments in the History of the Sewing Machine On June 2, 1857, James Gibbs patented the first chain-stitch single-thread sewing machine. Helen Augusta Blanchard of Portland, Maine (1840-1922) patented the first zig-zag stitch machine in 1873. The zig-zag stitch better seals the edges of a seam, making a garment sturdier. Helen Blanchard also patented 28 other inventions including the hat-sewing machine, surgical needles, and other improvements to sewing machines. The first mechanical sewing machines were used in garment factory production lines. It was not until 1889 that a sewing machine for use in the home was designed and marketed. By 1905, the electrically-powered sewing machine was in wide use.

The Success And Growth Of Sla Management - 1721 Words

We know it’s not nutrition until it is eaten. SLA Management delivers superior food service management to schools in Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. SLA’s commitment to â€Å"giving kids the best thirty minutes of their day† for the past fifteen years has given rise to the success and growth of SLA Management. Since 2000, Brian Albertson, CEO of SLA Management, has developed a clear understanding of the challenges faced in school nutrition programs and has created a formula for improving school nutrition operations. Wanting to make a difference in his community, Albertson served on a committee tasked with turning around one of the top 10 largest districts in the nation. Albertson developed a business model that†¦show more content†¦Plain and simple, we feed hungry kids so that they are better equipped to learn. Features and benefits of partnering with SLA Management: †¢ Intent and Program Commitment †¢ What is our Boutique Approach and What Does that Mean for Our Partner Districts? †¢ Quality Foodservice Operations ï€ ­ Nutrition ï€ ­ SLA’s Brands ï€ ­ Nutrition Education ï€ ­ Improved Perception of Meal Program ï€ ­ Increased Meal Participation †¢ SLA’s TEAM †¢ Community Engagement †¢ Second to None Support ï€ ­ Purchasing ï€ ­ Marketing ï€ ­ Catering ï€ ­ Technology ï€ ­ Additional Support Team Members †¢ Financial Advantage of SLA †¢ The SLA Promise Nationally, schools are serving less kids. Not SLA schools though. Since the implementation of the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010, many school nutrition programs have had challenges in meeting the new standards. Several districts across the nation have indicated a decline in lunch meal participation and financial viability as a result. However, during this time, SLA Management experienced the majority of its growth in the number of schools under contract and, more importantly, the number of meals served. Our meals have always been both tasty and nutritious. Fact is, kids love them! Nutrition All SLA Management meals served meet or

Essay on Recession Free Essays

Downturns are stressful and typically increase people’s desire for simplicity. (Flatters and Wolcott, 2009, up. 3). We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Recession or any similar topic only for you Order Now Credit crunch has affected consumers massively. Consumers have to think where they need to shop and what they need to look for to avoid struggles during recession. Things Like food, bills, and mortgage have to be prioritize Instead of buying new house, furniture, going on holiday, spending money on social activities or buying trendy clothing. During recession consumers have to make sure that they find the products for the money they pay. Brand names are getting less important for people as their priorities are different this tough time. Customers are more likely to shop for clothes in supermarket now instead of designer clothing as they have to think about the future living and getting bargains is essential to survive. A lot of consumers changed the way they shop and where they shop. People started looking for bargains and they didn’t care which shops offered them as long as It was the best deal. In other hand, a lot of consumers remained within their favorite shops. Rust and Cohort, (1993), tied In McCormick (2002,p. 1 1 2) found that loyal shoppers are more likely to ‘forgive’ occasional service failures and the inertia factor within loyalty makes them less likely to switch stores. A lot of people don’t like change and staying loyal is important for them as well as for the company. Conclusion Downturn has influenced consumer in different ways. Consumer had to change their lifestyle and adapt to the changes, but now people think about their future strongly avoiding the struggles created by recession. How to cite Essay on Recession, Essays

Relationship Marketing and Intellectual Foundations - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Marketing and Intellectual Foundations. Answer: Introduction In this modern business scenario, the most important part of any and every business is customer satisfaction. Among the different ways of getting this customer satisfaction, the most important is perhaps developing a good customer relationship. In other words, it must be the top priority of all the business sectors to develop means of analyzing the customer needs and demands in a better way. Among all the other business tactics, it is the perhaps the most useful one to target the customers properly. The greatest advantage of direct market is market segmentation or targeting. In other words, for any business to flourish, it is of utmost importance that the customers are targeted properly. This is because not every product is for every customer; hence the business enterprise must make sure that they provide the correct products or services to the correct kind of customers. One among the many industrial sectors that has a good advantage of using this direct marketing is the hospitality industry. In other words, the travel and tourism industry nowadays uses several means of direct marketing like brochures, booklets and many Marketing implications Hospitality sector is indeed such a sector that needs to provide the customers with real time experience. In other words, as the very name suggests, the prior responsibility of this sector must be to satisfy the customers. The very concept of marketing is itself associated with client dealing. In other words, the hospitality or the tourism sector must realize the customer needs and demands. In other words, they must try to develop a sound relationship between themselves and the clients. At times the most essential thing is the relationship between the customers and the producers rather than the relationship between the customer and the product. The best means of doing this is direct marketing. The main motif of direct marketing is to understand the customers in a better way. This direct marketing helps to create a more close relationship between the company and the clients. This also helps in increasing the loyalty among the clients. The direct marketing mainly includes emails, advertisement through pop ups in several social media sites, brochures etc. Over the past few years there has been a sufficient amount of increase in the number of destination sites. As a result of which, it is become very necessary for all the tourist agencies and the hotel companies to make the customers aware about the new destination sites that they can visit. So travel and tourism both need to be marketed in a vigorous way. The marketing of the tourist destinations ns the hotels must be done in such a way spot that the customers get a huge motivation and can inculcate a desire of visiting new and varied tourist spots. The major problem that lies with this tourism industry is that, it is a very large industry. At the same time, it is also a very complicated one. It needs to target such a huge number of customers living in various parts of the country with so many different and varied socio economic structures, needs, expectations, income, affordability, behavior patterns etc. Having a good public relation skill is an important t aspect of the tourism industry. A large amount of the success of the tourism industry depends of the kind of marketing by it. Some of the direct marketing tools are used by the tourism industries and the hotel industries are sending cards or feelings on any seasonal functions like Christmas, New Year etc along with some new discount offers or any new hotel brochure. Another important means that can be used by the tourism and the hotel industries is promotion and marketing during any trade fairs or any festivals, or any tourism fairs where there is the gathering of a mass social media. In order to take their business among their targeted customers, they have to let media in the core aspects of their business. Another very important and useful marketing tool that is quite handy nowadays is that of e marketing or electronic marketing. It is due to this e marketing that direct promotion and direct marketing of bayous business sectors have become very easy (Ju et al ., 2013). A good example of this direct marketing of the hospitality industry can be the different apps like trip advisor, trivago and many more. It is through these online social apps that the hotels can easily develop a very close contact with the customers. Internet has been successful in playing a major role in the marketing and the tourism business. For the proper propagation of any successful business organization, customers satisfaction is of utmost importance. It has now become very much easier for the customers to view the different deals about the hotels online. Apart from this, the customers can also see the different new and diversified tourist spots that are being opened up every now and then in different parts of the world. There are a large number of platform available nowadays through which the tourist agencies and the other hospitality sectors can easily develop an interpersonal relationship. Apart from this, media also has to play a major role in the field of direct marketing . In this era, many people are too busy with their lives and often it so happens that due to their very busy schedule, they are running short of time in reading the brochures or the emails. It is during this time that other media devices like the television comes into play where they can wee many new tourist attractions or new hotel that have been opened up in many places. In todays modern era, it is the major duty of the entire hospitality sector to know the demand of customers in details. It is only then that they can cater to the needs and demand of the customers. In the modern scenario, the customers have also become very much aware. Another important aspect that the hospitality sector often adopts is that of the mission and vision statement. In particular, it is very much essential for the new companies or any kind of new start ups. A new start up obviously has very limited amount of resources available and in order to make their business expand, they have to take their business far and wide across the customers. It is also a very well known fact that in this hospitality and tourism sector, the customers are located in various parts of the world and their needs and demand are ever changing and ever increasing (Ali, Amin Cobanoglu 2016). So, it is the through various promotional messages or the mission and vision statements of the companies through which they try to make the customers know about the kind of goods and services that they are about to provide with. The companies often use the method of displaying their welcome message or their vision and mission statement on the LCD screen. They can often make use of the logo, which is a very useful and widely popular aspect of todays modern scenario. Apart from these, the other important components of direct marketing are the email sending, Tele marketing, receiving in the room with the welcome message being displayed on the LCD screen and many more. The main motif of this direct marketing is to get much closer to the customers. By using this method of direct marketing, the main motto of the companies is to increase their goodwill in the eyes of the customers, assuring them in return that they will get the exact services that they are looking for. In order to expand the business, it is the top most priority of each and every organization to see that they are able to cope up with the demands of their customers. It is also needless to say that, in the modern day scenario, the customers are becoming very much self conscious (Xie et al., 2015). They are looking for not only the proper service but also a very quicker and an easier service. They n o longer want o stand and wait in the long never-ending queues in order to get their air or train tickets done. It is also very much uncertain for a modern day tourist to keep waiting in the reception of any hotel room due to the lack of prior booking (Jin, Zhou, Wang 2016). It is also because of the increasing number of tourists that the concept of digital marketing is increasing day by day. In order to give proper accommodation tp all the tourists, the hospitality sectors have to get themselves involved in the direct marketing. It is with the help of these direct marketing tools that the customers are able to avail easy and quick services on one hand, and on the other. Another very import ant ad commonly used tool of direct marketing is sending birthday cards or anniversary cards to the customers on their special days. Not only this shows that the companies remember their customers on the special days but also allows some special gifts or some discount offers. It is also a known fact that the customers will naturally get attracted to those companies from where they get some additional benefits, like that of free gifts or lower discounted price. This direct marketing has been really helpful in letting hospitality sectors target their customers in a proper way. In other words, for a wide and complicated industry as that of hospitality sector, market segmentation is of utmost importance (Drea, J Marlow, Mense 2017). They have to keep in mind that id they are making any investment in any particular aspect of their business, then that investment must not go in vain. A good example can be that of the Disneyland. It is a very well known tourist spot. How ever, the Disney land is such a place that has a huge attraction both for the adults as well as the children (Berezina et al., 2016). However, children usually find the place to be much more attracting. Hence, it is already known to all the tourism agencies that if they are to conduct a tour for the Disney Land, then they must make sure to include several elements of children park and children attractions in their advertisement or their promotional activities, be it through emailing or through brochures etc. Direct marketing in Restaurants A very important aspect of the hotels is that of the eating places. In other words, the restaurants play a major par in almost each and every aspect of the hospitality sectors. Hospitality sector in itself is a very long and broad head, consisting of hotels, amusement parks, restaurants etc. A major point that the hospitality sector must keep in mind whole promoting their products or services is that of the proper advertisement of the restaurants. A good example can be the advertising of the MacDonalds or the subway or even the KFC. There is a large scale marketing and promotion of almost all the famous restaurants through booklets, brochures, emails or several other such things. In order to carry on with direct marketing, the companies must be having a proper customer details. It is only from this database of the customer details that they can make out the demand of the customers. The customer details are available through many tols like that of prize cards, loyalty cards, prize dra ws etc. It is also very easy for the restaurants to do a direct marketing campaign. It is because they have the customers coming in their outlets every now and then, so they can easily keep a track of what kind of food demands the customers are having; what they ate or what they drank etc. The best option for restaurants to do direct marketing is via the emails or any leaflets and brochures where the company can easily enlist the offers and the special discount prices that they are about to give to the customers. The main concern must be to keep the tag lines easy, quick to read and catchy ( Xu Gursoy 2015). It is also very useful for the companies if they can send such emails or post cards to bulk number of customers at one go. Another important tool that the companies can opt for is that of texting or SMS, they have also become a very powerful source of direct marketing. Conclusion Thereby it can be concluded that in order to expand the business in the present day scenario, it is of utmost importance that the companies carry out a mass scale direct marketing. The main motif is to develop a proper interpersonal skill with all the customers. This enables the companies to develop goodwill in the eyes of the customers, as they can easily cater to the demands that their customers have. It helps in bringing the companies and the clients close to one another. References Ali, F., Amin, M., Cobanoglu, C. (2016). 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Kim, M. G., Lee, C. H., Mattila, A. S. (2014). Determinants of customer complaint behavior in a restaurant context: The role of culture, price level, and customer loyalty.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management,23(8), 885-906. Li, L., Qian, G., Qian, Z. (2014). Inconsistencies in international product strategies and performance of high-tech firms.Journal of International Marketing,22(3), 94-113. Nunkoo, R., Gursoy, D., Ramkissoon, H. (2013). Developments in hospitality marketing and management: Social network analysis and research themes.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management,22(3), 269-288. Samiee, S., Chabowski, B. R., Hult, G. T. M. (2015). International relationship marketing: Intellectual foundations and avenues for further research.Journal of International Marketing,23(4), 1-21. Xie, Y., Batra, R., Peng, S. (2015). An extended model of preference formation between global and local brands: The roles of identity expressiveness, trust, and affect.Journal of International Marketing,23(1), 50-71. Xu, X., Gursoy, D. (2015). A conceptual framework of sustainable hospitality supply chain management.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management,24(3), 229-259.